Thursday, 11 September 2014

How to use a trimpot (or any three-legged potentiometer)?



First time I saw a trimpot (trim-pot as trimmer potentiometer, 10KΩ in my case) I immediaty started wondering why the heck does it have 3 pins. Would 2 not be just enough? I started googling and, surprisingly, the answer was not that easy to find. I'll share what I found out, but first, let me answer the title question: how to use a trimpot?
  1. First of all, if you flip the trimpot over, you will see 3 pins, just as on the diagram I clumsily prepared:


    That is the back of your trimpot. Well, you get the idea.

  2. Let's describe what's on the diagram. The two horizontally aligned pins (let's call them A and B) are your reference points and the third pin is called wiper.
  3. Now, the idea behind the trimpot is *brutally* simple:
    • Resistance between A and B is always constant (in my case, 10KΩ)
    • Restistance A-wiper and B-wiper varies depending on the trimpot's knob (or screw, whatever you have) so that if A-wiper is 10% of trimpot's nominal value, B-wiper will be (100% - 10%) of trimpot's nominal value.
And that's it, there's nothing more when it comes to trimpots. However, if you want some examples or if you're genuinely interested in what I have to say, please read on!


To follow up, let me list a couple of interesting facts about trimpots. Great majority of them has 3 pins, but there actually are trimpots with just two pins, like this one:


Why 3 and not 2 then? From what I've read, two most popular reasons are:
  • To keep soldered trimpots in place while adjusting their values. A lot of people simply ignore either pin A or B.
  • To utilise the fact that when the resistance on one side increases (e.g. A-wiper), the other one decreases (e.g. B-wiper), and vice-versa.
Additionally, as it turns out, trimpots are not really designed for adjusting their values too frequently - they are expected to work following the adjust-seal-forget formula. If you expect the resistance to change often, potentiometers are probably a better choice.

To illustrate how trimpots exactly work, I ran a couple of simple measurements (top: wiper, left: A, right: B). Before I start, though, please keep in mind that neighter my multimeter nor the trimpot are perfect, so expect some measurement imperfections. Also, the multimeter measures resistance in KΩ.




Trimpot's knob goes all the way down the B-wiper side. Whole resistance is allocated between A and wiper.
A-wiper measurement B-wiper measurement

Trimpot's knob goes all the way down the A-wiper side. Whole resistance is allocated between B and wiper.
A-wiper measurement B-wiper measurement

Trimpot's knob is somewhere in the middle of the range. Whole resistance is shared equally between A-wiper and B-wiper.
A-wiper measurement. I expected something around 5KΩ, but 5.00KΩ exactly is pure concidence. B-wiper measurement. 5.07KΩ - that's more like it!

Trimpot's knob is somewhere on the B-wiper side which means this side's resistance will be lower compared to the A-wiper side. Additionally, 7.00KΩ + 3.06KΩ = ~10KΩ, which is the nominal value of the trimpot.
A-wiper measurement. B-wiper measurement.

And finally, even though the trimpot's knob goes all the way down the B-wiper side, A-B resistance is always constant.
A-B measurement.

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